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Heart Disease Risk Factors
Aging is a process that must be experienced by all people, this means that changes in cardiac physiology and anatomy will also happen to everybody. But this does not mean that all seniors would have had problems in the heart. Because in addition to endogenous factors influenced, also influenced by exogenous factors, such as environmental, socio-cultural and economic, all of which can be called a lifestyle (life style). Exogenous factors are better known as risk factors.
A. Alcohol
There are several theories stating that alcohol consumption may reduce the incidence of CHD. But after further review, the American Heart Association concluded that there is no justification in recommending the use of alcohol (or wine / wine) for the cardioprotective strategies. Fact that excessive consumption can cause liver damage, increased blood pressure, increased incidence of cancer of the mouth and esophagus cancer, and so forth.
B. Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus has long been recognized as independent risk factors that can cause a variety of cardiovascular disorders. One theory says that one of the type of diabetes associated with the primary intrinsic disorder in which cells will be short lived, causing increased cell turnover. In addition platelet dysfunction in diabetes also contributed to a meaningful role. Coexistence of DM and hypertension may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality as much as 2-fold. Ductility in the control of hypertension in diabetic patients is very important. Diabetes type 2 (NIDDM) found on many old people above 30 years of overweight / obesity. This can be prevented by lifestyle improvement, maintaining a normal body weight and multiply physical exercise.
C. Drugs
Some drugs can cause hypertension, such as mineralocorticoid group, NSAIDs, amphetamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and so on. Use of alternative drugs that do not cause or complicate hypertension.
D. Exercise / Physical Training
Regular exercise can lower blood pressure as much as 5-10 mmHg. Exercise also can improve cardiac output, by the way:
• Increasing contractility and the muscles that myocardium can be achieved maximal stroke volume.
• Increase the number of capillaries in the infarction.
• Lower heart rate at rest.
• Reduce the peripheral resistance at rest.
E. Hiperlipoproteinemia
More lipoproteins that circulate in the blood, the greater the possibility for them to enter the arterial wall. When large amounts of it will exceed the ability of smooth muscle cells to metabolize the fat that will accumulate on artery walls. Hyperlipidemia should be dealt with aggressively, either with medication or with lifestyle improvement. By lowering total cholesterol levels as much as 20-25% (or lower LDL-cholesterol by 30%) is proven to reduce the risk of CHD.
F. Hypertension
Hypertension is a risk factor is most important in cardiovascular disease. Hypertension accelerates atherosclerosis, which is caused by mechanical injury of endothelial cells in place of high pressure. Hypertension is estimated to cause 33% of all incidents of heart disease. Give medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists or diuretics) to reduce morbidity and mortality.
G. Obesity
Obesity can lead to atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes, and various other conditions. Keep your ideal weight by improving your lifestyle and regular exercise.
H. Excessive salt intake
Restricted salt intake can lower blood pressure 1-10 mmHg. Excessive intake can cause sodium and water retention, thus adding to the burden of the heart. Patients need to be briefed about the need for this.
I. Smoking
Research shows that smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as much as 64%. Effect of cigarettes on the cardiovascular system are:
Nicotine has a direct effect on coronary arteries and blood platelets.
Inhaled carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. It also increases the oxygen needs of myocardium, increased platelet adhesiveness and plasma catecholamines.
This is where the importance of health promotion and disease prevention (intervention in lifestyle) which should be started as early as possible. In addition we also do prevensi action, namely to prevent the aging process is not accompanied by patolologik process. This concept is now highly developed and known as the concept of Healthy Aging (to grow old in good health).
In addition to promotion and preventive actions are also rehabilitation measures, which aimed to those who are or have experienced heart problems. The purpose of the rehabilitation measures are:
To help them recover both physically and spiritually.
To train them in performing daily activities and re-active in the community.
To restore their confidence.
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